Carnivores of the Kalahari Desert Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Carnivores of the Kalahari Desert - Term Paper Example The desert is described by extraordinary temperatures during the day and exceptionally low temperatures around evening time because of the way that there are no mists to tap the warmth and keep up the warm temperatures around evening time. The land encounters little precipitation and the temperature during summer frequently will in general be exceptionally high. The majority of the carnivores that possess the Kalahari Desert have a higher probability of endurance in high thickness territories. The principle predator in the Kalahari Desert is the lion. The main other predator in the pastry that can by one way or another be seen as a contender to the lions is the spotted hyena. The cheetah isn't explicit about its preys and can be liberal about the prey it decided to chase. This is probably going to build its odds of endurance in the desert. The spotted hyena, in contrast to the earthy colored hyena, chases it’s on prey and isn't a forager. Furthermore, they are not specific abo ut their prey and can pursue any species with the exception of wild oxen and giraffes. Presentation The Kalahari Desert is an enormous dry to semi-bone-dry sandy region arranged in Southern Africa, and reaches out to around 900,000 square kilometers, covering most pieces of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa, as a semi-desert, with huge tracts of good touching grounds after downpours (Thomas and Shaw, 2009). The topography of the region is part desert and part level. Since not the entire of the Kalahari is a genuine desert, it underpins the presence of plants and land over the tremendous measure of land. The land encounters little precipitation and the temperature during summer is frequently extremely high (Lonely Planet Publications, 2009).

Consumer Movement and Consumerism free essay sample

The History of the Consumer Movement and Consumerism Michael J Jackson Grantham University The History of the Consumer Movement and Consumerism as characterized by the word reference is an advanced development for the security of the shopper against futile, substandard, or perilous items, deluding promoting, out of line valuing. Ralph Nader is likely credited as one of the main lobbyist that took shopper rights and the entire commercialization development to the following level.Nader first came to conspicuousness in 1965 when he composed a book that reprimanded the car business for creating perilous vehicles. Nader was so fruitful in his campaign to uncover the out of line practices of the car business that administrators at General Motors recruited private criminologists to bother him and later compelled to openly apologize for the conduct before a Senate hearing. Nader additionally assumed a key job in the foundation of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Occupational Safety a nd Health Administration, the Freedom of Information Act and the Consumer Product Safety Commission. We will compose a custom paper test on Purchaser Movement and Consumerism or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page These administration organizations have the basic role of keeping up the privileges of the customer to access data about the security and nature of items that were in the market accessible for buy to assist shoppers with settling on taught buying choices. As indicated by Aaker Jones (1982), President Kennedy likewise assumed an immense job towards propelling the privileges of the customer when he set up the four privileges of the shopper: the privilege to security, to be educated, to picked, and to be heard.Kennedy extended the privilege to wellbeing to incorporate the insurance of individuals from themselves, a strategy with which there is greater difference. It is contended that individuals ought not generally be allowed to settle on choices that are not in their best since quite a while ago run interests in any event, when such choices are purposeful and educated. As indicated by Willis (n. d. ), In request to consider the historical backdrop of industrialism in the United States two distinct methodologies will be taken.First, the ascent of commercialization in the United States will be seen from a general perspective underlining some philosophical and ideological parts of industrialism in present day society. Second, a short history of commercialization in the United States will be embraced under a sequential perspective creation accentuation on some applicable dates and foundations of shopper culture in the United States up to the present. The ascent of industrialism in the United States is additionally connected to the introduction of Public Relations.Around 1915 the purported father of current Public Relations, Edward Bernays, made purposeful publicity strategies for the U. S. government comparable to World War I so as to control general assessment about this war. The cutting edge purchaser has a plenty of data accessible to them readily available. The Internet, the approach of online life, web journals, and various buyer activists that are continually on TV and radio make it for all intents and purposes outlandish for those that desire to be educated or shopper matters not be educated. With the most recent decade sees on commercialization and the purchaser development have moved somewhat for elective ways of life and straightforward living. In numerous basic settings, commercialization is utilized to portray the propensity of individuals to distinguish solid with items or administrations they devour, particularly those with business brand names and saw status imagery advance, for example, extravagance vehicles, fashioner dress, or costly adornments. A culture that is pervaded by industrialism can be alluded to as a buyer culture or a market culture.Opponents of commercialization contend that numerous extravagances and pointless shopper items may go about as a social instrument permitting individuals to distinguish similarly invested people through the presentation of comparative items, again using parts of superficial points of interest to pass judgment on financial status and social separation. A few people accept associations with an item or a brand name are subs titutes for solid human connections ailing in today’s society.

Clinical Dental Hygienist Essay - 275 Words

Clinical Dental Hygienist (Essay Sample) Content: Three reasons why clinical dental hygienist should evaluate scientific literature, treatment modalities and dental care productsName of StudentInstitution of LearningThree reasons why clinical dental hygienist should evaluate scientific literature, treatment modalities, and dental care productsDental hygienists have an important role to play in providing critical interventions in relation to dental health (Rai and Kaur, 2012). In this regard, there are three important reasons why dental hygienists must undertake a critical review of scientific literature, treatment modalities, and dental health care products in order to meet the expectations of their users. In the first place, users view dental hygienists as critical in the provision of quality dental care (Clarkson, 2003). Recent findings indicate that consumer first seek help from dental hygienists on the right dental care products (Rai and Kaur, 2012). In order to provide evidence-based solutions, dental hygienists must understand recent studies on the subjects as well as the products that will be helpful to users (Hackshaw, Paul and Davenport, 2006). Secondly, dental hygienists play a leading role in educating users on dental care products as well as the right therapies, which are scientifically sound (Clarkson, 2003). To achieve this objective, it is imperative that dental hygienists keep abreast with trends and recent research on dental health.The other reason why dental hygienists must examine literature, dental health care products, as well as the possible interventions is the emergence of numerous products that claim cure for all manner of dental cases (Hackshaw, Paul and Davenport, 2006). In the last few decades, drug stores have witnessed an increase in dental health care products, an increase that underscores the need for dental hygienists to evaluate the claims presented by the various manufacturers (Rai and Kaur, 2012). Therefore, with a good background in scientific research, it w ould be possible for dental hygienists to identify genuine products that would lead to better health outcomes for users (Clarkson, 2003). In addition, scientific studies help in answering important clinical questions in relation to the effectiveness of different treatments. In summary, dental hygienists are important professionals when it comes to dental health. Consumers look to them for in...

Connected Speech Definition and Examples

Connected speech is spoken language  in a continuous sequence, as in normal conversation. It is also called connected discourse. There is often a significant difference between the way words are pronounced in isolation and the way they are pronounced in the context of connected speech. In connected speech, words or syllables are clipped, phrases are run together, and words are stressed differently than they would be in writing. Deletion of Sounds in Connected Speech One of the characteristics of connected speech is the deletion or clipping of sounds that occurs when words run together. For example, want to can become wanna, going to can become gonna, rock and roll can become rock n roll,  and them can become em or dem in connected speech. These are very informal usages of common words that most often occur in casual conversation, so they would probably not be present in formal speech or writing. Author  Rachael-Anne Knight goes into detail about the mechanics of connected speech processes (CSP) in Phonetics: A Coursebook: They occur at the edges of words since this is where words meet in sentences.Connected speech processes are optional...We can think of [connected speech processes] affecting sounds at the  phonemic  level rather than the  allophonic  level. When /t/ or /d/ or /h/ is elided, for example, we do not find that a different allophone occurs; we simply find that the phoneme is lost altogether, (Knight 2012). Knight also notes that connected speech can cause confusion or misunderstanding when words and sounds are changed or lost. Challenges for Non-Native Speakers Confusion about meaning in connected speech is especially common for non-native speakers listening to native speakers talk. Anyone learning a foreign language needs practice listening to it being spoken naturally, but learners of English have a difficult time picking out individual words from connected speech because words are so often slurred. Native speakers take many verbal shortcuts in ordinary conversation that wouldnt be present in written English, and switching between written and spoken English takes getting used to when it isnt your first language. These challenges are not exclusive to English. In Spanish, many words begin and end in vowels and these tend to meld together in speech. The polite greeting  ¿Cà ³mo està ¡?  (How are you?) often sounds like  Ã‚ ¿Cà ³m stà ¡? when spoken, with little to no pause between the words. When speaking to someone who isnt a native speaker, enunciation is helpful. You can also help them to understand you by speaking more slowly and pausing slightly between each word. Stress Patterns in Connected Speech In English, the  stress  pattern of a word is generally influenced by its context. Because of this, even native speakers may pronounce the same word differently, as is often the case in British vs. American English. Connected speech complicates the use of stress by relocating it from one word to another. Author Peter Roach illustrates stress in connected speech in Phonology: A Practical Course: An aspect of connected speech...is that the stress on a final-stressed compound tends to move to a preceding syllable and change to secondary stress if the following word begins with a strongly stressed syllable. Thus...​bad-tempered but a bad-tempered teacherhalf-timbered but a half-timbered househeavy-handed but a heavy-handed sentence(Roach 2009). People writing metered poetry, such as iambic pentameter in sonnets, have to pay attention to where the  stresses fall on words in their lines in order to correctly work within the constraints of the form. People speaking metered poetry will probably use stress however it sounds most natural in connected speech.

Search And Appraisal Strategies For Hypertension And...

Search and Appraisal Strategies CINAHL, PubMed, Google scholar and Cochrane library were searched for the following terms: hypertension, diet, exercise, lifestyle, pharmacotherapy, yoga, DASH diet. The key words â€Å"hypertension and lifestyle interventions† were searched at the title and abstract level in PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria consisted of peer-reviewed meta-analysis, systematic reviews, randomized control trials (RCT) or quasi experimental studies focused on life style modifications in the reduction of systolic blood pressure, published between 2010 and 2015. The exclusion criteria included studies published prior to 2010 and also pediatric and perinatal studies. The search yielded a†¦show more content†¦The appraisal of all these 10 articles led to identification of the three primary themes: a) positive findings, b) mixed findings, and c) barriers associated with implementing life style modifications in the treatment o f hypertension. Positive Findings The literature published since 2010 indicates that the lifestyle modification can be used as an alternative to pharmacotherapy in the treatment of hypertension. Authors of the nine articles of ten articles utilized for this study has concluded that lifestyle changes, which mainly includes physical activity and dietary changes is very effective in the management of hypertension. Randomized Control Trials This study utilized 6 RCT‘s selected from various databases. The study conducted by (Hinderliter et al., 2013) concluded that changes in dietary habits, weight and blood pressure persist for 8 months after completion of the 16th week ENCORE program with some attenuation of the benefits. The ENCORE study was done with 144 overweight individuals with hypertension, randomized to 16 weeks intervention, which includes behavioral weight management and DASH diet and DASH diet alone. Follow up assessments were done after 8 months of the end of the treatment and the systolic blood pressure at the end of 16 weeks was found to be reduced by 16.1 (95% confidence interval CI = 13.0-19.2) mmhg with DASH-WM group, 11.2 (95% CI = 8.1-14.3) mmhg in the DASH-A group and 3.4 (95% CI = 0.4–6.4) mmhg in the

Analyzing the Financial Ratio

Question: Analyse the financial performance of the two companies based on your calculations, identifying and discussing the purposes of calculating those ratios and the weaknesses of ratios analysis? Answer: Introduction The performance analysis of a company can be adjudged by analyzing the financial ratio of a company with the past data gathered from its past performance. The ratio analysis provides the short but insights of various departments in the business segment. Therefore, this type of analysis is based on the past financial and operational performance of the company. Further, from ratio analysis, the important measures like debt and equity can be estimated that can be useful in making the decision for the business. The application of ratio analysis is wide in the sense of finding the loopholes in business. Thereby, the decision of doing business can be changed due to different findings from the ratio analysis. Ratio analysis is suitable in finding the comparison between ratios of different years in the same domain. Therefore, it is a prima facie of comparative trend analysis of financial performance to indicate the health of a business in terms of financial as well as an operational perspect ive. The input data for conducting ratio analysis come from the accounting and financial report of the companies where financial and accounting information is present normally. The base of ratio analysis is to indicate on the situational changes due to changing in operation or decision in business and the way to improve the condition. In this report, the main emphasis will be given on analyzing the financial ratio of two UK based companies Tesco Plc and Sainsbury Plc. Both the companies are in a retail business that allows an analyst to analyze and compare their financial performance using ratio analysis for the last three years. Further, this report will be based on the trend of the two companies and the difference between their performances in different segments. The management of the two companies will be able to make a better decision to improve the situation after observing the compared analyzed report here. The report will also present a structure and recommended decision for the management to improve the condition for future that may be helpful in making a decision in business. Profitability ratio Profitability ratio of the company produces the information of profit in terms of revenue for a particular year. Gross profit margin As stated by Ahmed (n.d.), gross margin helps to get information on profit made by a company in terms of revenue. It means the profit margin on sales made on the basis of the cost of goods sold. It is useful to consider the competitive analysis of the companies within a sector of business. Thereby measuring the profitability of the companies, the first way is to measure the profit margin it has considered making sales competing with others. However, Brealey, Myers and Allen (2014) observed that it is meaningless to measure the profit margin of sales price using gross profit margin. The reason is the cost of goods sold is not adjusted with the inflation carried from the past inventory while some opening inventory is possible in every business from past year. The gross margin of Tesco has tenacity towards downwards during the period from 2012 to 2014. The margin has a downward slope for the company while for Sainsbury the margin has increased so far. From the table in Appendix I, it ca n be seen that the gross margin for Tesco is 5.16, 5.19 and 6.14 in 2014, 2013 and 2012 respectively. The same figure for Sainsbury is 5.79, 5.48 and 5.43 in the same period. The competitiveness of the two companies in their business sector can be found from the data measured. It is true that two companies have some different view in doing business as the profit margin from the cost of goods sold has fallen differ in the same period despite they have sold almost the same branded products. Net profit margin Net profit margin of the company is the measurement of the part of the profit can be made from revenue after meeting all types of expenses in the business. From the viewpoint of D'Mello and Farhat (2008), it can be said that net profit margin expresses the information on the margin that can be recognized by the company after assessing the expenses of the companies. From the Appendix II, it can be observed net profit margin of Tesco is 1.51, .03 and 4.36 respectively for the duration of the last three years. Therefore, it can be seen that company has recovered from the disaster situation of the financial dilemma of 2013. Further, it also can be seen that company is still recovering from the bad phase of business while it made a good net margin in 2012. Sainsbury has made the profit for the period almost overall same. The net margin of the company is 2.99, 2.58 and 2.68 respectively in the period of 2012 to 2014. The trend of the margin of profit is almost upwards for the company durin g the period that states the situation of business is under the grip of the company. Operating margin Operating margin provides the operational benefit from the business of a company (Fridson and Alvarez, 2002). It can be said from the observation of Fried (2013), that operational margin is very important in evaluating the business performance as the cost associated with a business can be analyzed in this process. Therefore, the operational margin of the two companies are compared during the period and can be observed in Appendix III. The operating margin of Tesco is 4.1, 3.7 and 6.48 in the respective three years of the analysis period. The same margin for Sainsbury is 4.21, 3.78 and 3.92 during the period. From operating margin of the two companies, it can be observed that the margin is upward for Sainsbury while the same has gone through amid volatility for Tesco during the period. The operating profit for Sainsbury shows that company has affected least due to in the case in sourcing of materials and salary of the employees. Tesco has tried to make over the margin of 2012 in a rec ent performance but has failed to reach the last threshold level of profit margin due to high-interest cost and repayment of the loan in capital expenditure segment. Liquidity Liquidity of a company is very important to run the business as it is the measure of cash present in hand and company can spend money during emergency requirements. According to Hubbard, (2008), liquidity of a company provides the manager to make a strong decision as well as it also helps to recover from any financial disaster during an adverse situation in the economy. Two types of the liquidity ratio are popular in the market current and quick ratio. The difference between the two is simple the first one is assessed accumulating inventory as liquid assets while the second one does not consider inventory as a liquid. The current ratio of a company also provides information on how much company can meet the current obligation through its current assets in the adverse situation (Trent, 2008). The current ratio of Tesco has grown during the period as can be seen from Appendix III. The reason for this increase is mainly increase of inventory and credit from the suppliers in current liabilities section while the company has also increased some cash on hand during the period. The same ratio of Sainsbury is almost an at stable position during the period as the company has not changed its policy of holding minimum inventory at the end of the year. Further, company does not idle its cash in hand. A quick ratio of business shows that apart from inventory, how far the company can be able to meet the current obligation from its position cash and cashable securities in current assets. Therefore, some analysts think that measuring quick ratio provides a correct measurement of the meeting the current obligation (Huffman, 2008). The quick ratio of Tesco has growth in the current period due to increase in cash in hand from increasing the short-term loan. However, Sainsbury has a volatile figure during the period in quick ratio because it has low cash at the end period. The wide expansion in business infrastructure has made the cash moving in capital expenses mainly. Efficiency ratio Efficiency ratio of a company is the simple measurement of assessing the efficiency of the companies in doing business. According to Islam (n.d.), business efficiency is the measurement of the managements' efficiency to run the business during a period. In that case, the decision of running the business can be estimated through the decision made for improving the working capital cycle of the business. Asset turnover ratio The turnover of asset or utilization assets in generating the sales for a year is the measurement in this case that allows the analysts to understand the how many times the assets of the company are being used in a particular year (Sheela, n.d.). From the Appendix V, it can be seen that assets turnover for Tesco has deteriorated during the given period while for Sainsbury the figure is much better. It depicts that in terms of assets, Sainsbury was able to make generate more revenue compare to Tesco in the period of 2012 to 2014. Receivable collection period Receivable collection period provides the efficiency of the management in clearing the bad debt as well as the debtors of the company in a period (Magiera, 2010). This is an important measurement for the business as it shows the days taken for bring back the collection from the debtors for a company as well as the company is counting the interest for giving advances to the buyers. Lower the figure of the collection period, better is the test result for any period. For Tesco, the figure is too high while Sainsbury has maintained a steady 5 to 6 days in collecting the credits from the debtors. It depicts that second company has better debtor management as the management was able to collect the money from the market. It also indicates that decision of providing a loan to specific customers by Sainsbury has a great impact on financial performance. Payable collection period The payment period for the creditors is known as the management of suppliers that can be done by the management of the company. The higher the value of paying the creditors' makes the sensible approach of making more profit for the company (Wimmer and Rada, 2013). From Appendix VI, it can be seen that Tesco take more time to pay its creditors compare to Sainsbury. It might be efficient management, but it also increases the risk of losing the suppliers in the long run. Gearing ratio Gearing ratio is the measurement of risk for a business has considered by borrowing funds from the outside. As stated by Nelson (2011), the gearing ratio is the measurement of running business with borrowed funds to promoters' fund. Therefore, the risk taking the ability of the company as well as the risk owned for borrowed fund can be measured by this ratio. Interest coverage ratio The time of interest can be paid for the borrowed fund from the income from the business is measured in this ratio analysis. The higher ratio indicates the conservative nature of running the business while the low ratio indicates risky decision made by the management (Pankratyeva, 2013). From Appendix VI, it can be seen that situation of Tesco has been worsened during the period while Sainsbury has maintained almost the same figure. It indicates that Sainsbury can take any risky decision while Tesco needs to control its borrowing or increase its income. Financial gearing The financial gearing ratio is the measurement of the ratio of equity is engaged in business compare to interest paid for loans. It depicts the fund used in running a business from the owners' fund compare to borrowed funds (RIEDL and SRINIVASAN, 2010). In this case, the fund used for Tesco has a low concentration from owners compare to Sainsbury as seen from Appendix VII. Therefore, it can be said that Sainsbury has a better return for the equity holders. Equity gearing Equity gearing provides the information of a portion of funds allocated to business from loans to equity holders. Therefore, it measures the right of the shareholders in gross income from business compare to lenders (Ross, Westerfield and Jordan, 2014). From the appendix IX, it can be seen that the proportion of borrowed fund to run the business for Tesco has increased during the period that has also decreased the right of the shareholders. However, Sainsbury has decreased its borrowing during the period to increased the right of the shareholders. It also said that Sainsbury could increase its borrowings for any aggressive decision of expanding in future. Conclusion From the above analysis, it has observed that Tesco is going through a difficult phase recently. The company has tried to recover its financial performance in this period but still it has not seen much progress in this matter. Further, it is also true that Sainsbury has made improvement in reducing its loan as well as the cost of interest that has made the company to provide a better return to the shareholders. The efficiency of the management for Tesco has not improved much as it is still looking a suitable strategy to collect from the debtors. The supplier management of the company is better than the Sainsbury as it holds the payment to suppliers for more time. Recommendations It is recommended that both the companies need to overcome the challenge of competition in increasing the revenue in future. Generating more revenue is the only solution for the companies for increasing the return for the shareholders as well as increase the asset usage in business. Further, it is also recommended that Tesco must find to reduce the borrowed funds to gear the business. Sainsbury must improve its supplier management that may help to pay the suppliers lesser frequent compared to now. References Ahmed, A. (n.d.). Financial Ratio Analysis of Square Pharmaceuticals Limited.SSRN Electronic Journal. Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F. (2014).Principles of corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. D'Mello, R. and Farhat, J. (2008). A comparative analysis of proxies for an optimal leverage ratio.Review of Financial Economics, 17(3), pp.213-227. Fridson, M. and Alvarez, F. (2002).Financial statement analysis. New York: John Wiley Sons. Fried, A. (2013). An Event Study Analysis of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 158.AFR, 2(2). Hubbard, J. (2008). Financial Statement Analysis.CFA Digest, 38(1), pp.59-61. Huffman, S. (2008). Financial Statement Analysis.CFA Digest, 38(4), pp.41-43. Islam, M. (n.d.). An Analysis of the Financial Performance of National Bank Limited Using Financial Ratio.SSRN Electronic Journal. Magiera, F. (2010). Financial Statement Analysis.CFA Digest, 40(1), pp.85-86. Nelson, S. (2011).Quickbooks 2011 all-in-one for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub. Pankratyeva, E. (2013). Provision of information management and analysis to recording and assessment of business entities financial position.International Journal of Academic Research, 5(6), pp.110-117. RIEDL, E. and SRINIVASAN, S. (2010). Signaling Firm Performance Through Financial Statement Presentation: An Analysis Using Special Items*.Contemporary Accounting Research, 27(1), pp.289-332. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. and Jordan, B. (2014).Essentials of corporate finance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Schoon, N. (2010). Financial Statement Analysis.CFA Digest, 40(2), pp.33-34. Sheela, S. (n.d.). Financial Position Analysis of Barakath Engineering Industries (P) Limited.SSRN Electronic Journal. Trent, W. (2008). Financial Statement Analysis.CFA Digest, 38(4), pp.39-40. Velez-Pareja, I. (n.d.). Financial Analysis and Control - Financial Ratio Analysis (Slides in Spanish).SSRN Electronic Journal. Wimmer, H. and Rada, R. (2013). Applying Information Technology to Financial Statement Analysis for Market Capitalization Prediction.Open Journal of Accounting, 02(01), pp.1-3.

Innovation in Various Companies

Innovation is the establishment of new or improved equipment and processes that are often driven by information technology, among other key factors. Product innovation comes with many benefits to both the supplier and the consumer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation in Various Companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Companies can only prove their responsiveness to customers’ demands through improved product quality and design. The mobile phone evolution is a good example of the role played by innovation in today’s business world. This paper compares and contrasts the innovative abilities, successes and failures of Nokia, Motorola and Apple. Nokia Nokia is a multinational communications company based in Keilaniemi, Espoo. The company produces mobile devices for all major market protocols and segments. Nokia continues to attract users of its exclusive multimedia devices from every part of t he world. The quick technological progress and transformation which has imbibed the mobile phone industry has greatly contributed in making Nokia what it is today. Through high end innovative abilities over the years, Nokia mobile has succeeded in creating a niche amongst the users. This has seen the corporation come to rule the robust communication industry with their huge-spectrum of quality mobile phone products. Innovation in the mobile phone industry has been stipulated by the increasing demand of these devices in the contemporary world. The graph below indicates the growth of mobile phone usage in the world since 1987 – 2006.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nokia has always proved its ability in innovation by designing their mobile devices in a more desirable, functional and sustainable manner that satisfies the needs of the customers. The company has made grea t advancement in the modification of its mobile devices from the NMT-900 series of the 1980s, to the sophisticated modern day series. According to Nokia, Inc., the company is known for its agility to change with the times, to match the competitive trend of the market, where changes in customers’ preferences is the key determinant (The Nokia Story). The corporation has continued to garner much interest globally, as the most preferred choice of mobile manufacturer, owing to their ability to incorporate user-friendly features in their devices. Unlike the old and obsolete technology of the past, modern Nokia mobile devices come with smart features that are sustained with sophisticated designs. Modern versions of the Nokia cell phone have proved to be a major attraction to millions of users globally, who have grown to fancy the smart phone lifestyle. The latest Nokia products are based in 3G/WCDMA, EDGE/GSM and CDMA mobile technologies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation in Various Companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All these innovations come in sleek dimensions, compared to the bulky technologies of the past. Among the many features found in Nokia’s latest mobiles include well-sized TFT displays that have been made into a combination of amazing pixel and vibrant colours. The handsets are also packed with pre-installed Carl Zeiss optics and built-in cameras that are certain to provide excellent resolution. Another outstanding feature of the latest versions of the Nokia mobile is their memory feature which enables users to manage useful applications effectively. Following is a recent graph showing the Market Share Estimates of Nokia, Motorola and Apple, among other Smartphones. These successful innovation strategies have granted the company a global reputation as the market leader in mobile phones, for nearly two decades. This glory however, would be brought into a sudden halt by the entry of new competitors in the market. Even though Nokia has tried to accelerate its pace of new developments in cell phone devices, their track record is much weaker compared to that of Apple (Gassee 3). The company’s relative failure can be observed in its dwindling market share in the mobile device market, which has dropped from 40 percent five years ago to an estimated value of just 23 percent this year.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Today, the company is squeezed from the top by Apple and from the bottom by Motorola, among other upcoming companies. Motorola Ever since its inception in the 1920s, Motorola has been defined by a culture of innovation. Unlike Nokia, whose main products are mobile phones, most of Motorola’s products are radio-related. Motorola is widely reputed across the world, for its exclusive ability to offer state-of-the-art technology solutions. The company had been a leader of innovation in the communications sector and the largest manufacturer of mobile phone devices globally, before it was overtaken by Nokia in the year 1998. Motorola has not only displayed great ability in innovative matters, but it has also proved to be a major player in the communications sector. Recently, the company has helped to drive the evolution of the mobile phone technology from the communications product of the past to the modern multi-functional device which is characterized by numerous exciting and conv enient features of the day. Motorola’s outstanding innovation abilities can be seen in its wide collection of Smartphone which include StarTAC ®, DynaTAC, RAZR ® phones and the DROIDâ„ ¢. After many years of extensive research, Motorola would make history in 1983, when its DynaTAC 8000x was approved as the first commercial portable mobile phone in the world (Ahmed 39). This helped in revolutionizing the entire communications industry in a manner that would change the lives of many people around the world. The diagram below shows the performance of Motorola unit sales from 2007 – 2010. Released in the year 1983, DynaTAC was the first mobile device by the company. This would see Motorola become more popular worldwide, as the company which brought the idea of mobile phones into the world. In 1989, Micro TAC, the Flip Phone which had improved features was launched. This was followed closely by the Star TAC, which came amid great competition from giant competitors s uch as Ericsson and Nokia. Next was the Droid, which continues to make great transformations in the sector. Today, Motorola enjoys the pride of being the hottest mobile phone brand in the world. The company boasts a wide range of exclusive designs which include the razor-thin RAZR, Sprint and ATT, the SLVR, and the KRZR, among other innovations. According to Motorola Mobility, Inc., the company’s investment in technology and innovation research has led to the development of products which have empowered the users to have easy access of all forms of information, whenever they wish (Approach to Innovation). However, regardless of its reputation as the pioneer of the mobile, Motorola is fighting to regain its composure in the market. The global changes in the perception of the mobile device over the years have left the company behind. The company can also be blamed for their failure to recognize the value of software and emphasizing a lot of focus on hardware design. These, amon g other multifaceted problems have seen the company’s market share and profits drop by the day. The following diagram shows the penetration of Smartphone in different world wide markets Apple Apple is a multinational corporation based in the U.S. which designs and sells a wide range of consumer electronics, personal computers and computer software. The company was first incorporated in the year 1977 as Apple Computer, Inc., before the name was changed to Apple, Inc thirty years later. Apple also plays a key role in the manufacture of mobile phone products. The company is known for its innovation ability which has brought great transformations in the latest innovations of the devices. Apple has made a mark in the development of latest mobile phone innovations, thus changing the face of these communication gadgets completely (Apple, Mac OS, and iDevices). The iPhone is one of the most sought after mobile devices in the modern world, owing to its rapid transformation into one o f the most exciting gadgets ever. Apple mobile phones are also the most popular smart phones in the contemporary world. These are the newest generations of mobile phones which are aimed at making a difference in the dynamic communication world. IPhone series have been designed to give the users the ability they need to perform their jobs professionally and in an effective manner (Remneland-Wikhamn and Ljungberg 205). The first development of the iPhone was officially launched in January, 2007, by the then group CEO, Steve Jobs. The phone was made into various impressive features which included applications such as Safari and Google. The device also came up with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity options. This development gave birth to other innovations, all of which came up with improved features and applications. The year 2008 saw the introduction of iPhone 3G, a version that came up with a number of upgraded features. Apple iPhone 3GS was released just a year later and it proved to make a difference with its voice control and video recording capabilities, among other exciting features. The year 2010 saw the company announce the introduction of Apple iPhone 4 at WWDC 2010. This category was rated the company’s biggest development since the initial iPhone and it had many new features and modifications. The phone’s display had a stunning resolution that offered a viewing experience much better than that of the preceding model. The device’s A4 processor is made in a manner that allows multi tasking. It also has a 5MP camera and a gyroscope which enhances gaming applications. The latest version of the iPhone was announced in 2011, but it would be associated with many failures. Antenna problems and Sim Card failure are some of the problems that were associated with iPhone 4S. These, among other design and marketing problems are some of the numerous innovation problems which continue to affect the development of Apple mobile phone. In conclusion , Motorola is a prime example of a successful innovative business, among the three mobile phone brand companies featured in this analysis. For many years, the company has ruled the industry with dominant forms of technology. Nokia has also managed to uphold its innovation ability, as it is evident in its numerous smart devices, despite the bad performance of its smartphone business recently. However, Apple appears to have failed in their innovation attempts in the mobile phone development. Despite its outstanding role in the transformation of the device, the company is yet to prove its innovation ability in the sector, by developing devices that are free from defaults. Apple’s case however is understandable considering the fact that they are still at their infant stage in the manufacture of mobile devices. The company has also concentrated much in computers and computer software more than anything else over the years and this is another reason which may explain its slow succe ss in mobile phone innovation. Works Cited Ahmed, Pervaiz. â€Å"Culture and climate for innovation.† European Journal of Innovation  Management 1. 1 (1998): 30-43. Print. Apple, Mac OS, and iDevices 2012. Web. Approach to Innovation 2012. Web. Gassee, Jean-Louis. â€Å"Nokia: Three Big Problems.† Monday Note. 2012. Web. Remneland-Wikhamn, BJorn and Ljungberg, Jan. â€Å"Open innovation, generativity and the supplier as peer: the case of iPhone and Android.† International Journal of  Innovation Management 15. 1 (2011): 205. Print. The Nokia Story 2012. Web. This essay on Innovation in Various Companies was written and submitted by user Danny Garrett to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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